Agricultural pesticide residues of farm runoff in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada

The objectives of this study were to determine environmental occurrence and concentrations of selected currently-used-pesticides and some transformation products in agricultural farms in the Okanagan Valley (OKV), and to conduct a simple risk assessment of environmental pesticides levels detected in OKV on non-target aquatic organisms. The OKV is the tree fruit country of the Province of British Columbia where considerable amount of pesticides are applied annually. Water, sediment and soil samples were collected at eleven sites in early June and late September following rainfall events and/or extended periods of irrigation from drainage ditches and/or from small streams. Undisturbed reference sites were also sampled. Study results showed that forty of the eighty chemicals analyzed, including organochlorine, nitrogen-containing and organophosphate pesticides commonly used for OKV crops, were detected in runoff and small stream water samples. Among which, endosulfan-sulfate was the most frequently detected chemical. Also, azinophos-methyl (0.699-25.5 ng/L), diazinon (0.088-214 ng/L) exceeded, and α-, β- endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate approached the guidelines for the protection of aquatic life.     

微磁场条件下pH冲击对微氧活性污泥表面性质的影响

研究了微磁场条件下pH冲击对处理低负荷葡萄糖废水的微氧活性污泥表面性质的影响。在pH=6.0和9.0的条件下对添加磁粉和无磁粉反应器微氧活性污泥进行15 d的冲击,而后调整pH=7.5进行5 d的恢复实验。对pH冲击下污泥絮凝能力FA、疏水性RH和表面电荷SC的变化情况进行考察,结果表明,有磁粉反应器的各项指标均优于无磁粉反应器。经过5 d的恢复实验,添加磁粉反应器污泥的各指标均能恢复到接近初始值,而无磁粉反应器污泥难以恢复到接近初始值。     

CAS工艺与AOE工艺曝气池水质信息场的测量与分析

为了研究曝气池空间内水质的分布及变化规律,采用了YSI6600 V2多参数水质检测仪对成都市三瓦窑污水处理厂的一期工程传统污泥法(CAS)、二期工程缺氧、好氧和内源呼吸(AOE)工艺中的曝气池分别进行了包括DO、NH3-N、NO3--N、pH、氯化物和温度等水质指标的场的检测,通过分析这些数据,揭示了曝气池内部水质变化的规律,并比较了CAS工艺与AOE工艺内水质处理效果的差别。结果表明,(1)溶解氧沿池深方向呈现出一定的分布规律,CAS工艺中随池深增加,溶解氧增加,AOE工艺中随着池深的增加,溶解氧降低;(2)AOE工艺对氨氮在O区的去除率可达97.64%,明显高于CAS工艺的41.76%;(3)沿曝气池长度测量溶解氧空间分布规律,参照理论曲线及依据水质处理要求,调整曝气量的方法具有长期运行经济、水质处理效果好的特点。     

聚硅酸锌铝的制备及其性能研究

以硅酸钠、硫酸锌、硫酸铝为原料，通过共聚法制备了无机高分子絮凝剂聚硅酸锌铝（PSZAS），研究了Na₂SiO₃的摩尔浓度、活化时间、Al/Si、Zn/Si 配比及絮凝剂的投加量对絮凝效果的影响，用X-射线衍射（XRD）和电子扫描电镜（SEM）对该絮凝剂的结构及形貌进行了表征。结果表明：当硅酸钠的浓度为0.4 mol/L，硅酸活化时间为2 h，Si∶Al∶Zn=1∶1∶1.5，絮凝剂投加量为20 mL/L废水时，絮凝剂的电中和能力和吸附架桥能力最强，絮凝剂对含H-酸染料模拟废水的絮凝效果最好。     

零价铁类Fenton试剂氧化降解废水中有机污染物的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外Fe0类Fenton试剂氧化反应降解废水中有机污染物的研究现状，介绍了Fe0-H2O2体系、紫外光-Fe0-H2O2体系和可见光-Fe0-H2O2体系处理有机污染物的机理、特点和效果，并对未来Fe0类Fenton试剂氧化反应体系处理有机污染物的发展前景进行了展望。     

扬州经济开发区发展循环经济的实践、对策和规划

扬州经济开发区通过国家生态工业示范园区的创建和国家循环经济试点工作，构建以工业共生、物质循环、自然和谐、宜业宜居为特征及资源节约型、环境友好型开发区。本文介绍了扬州经济开发区发展循环经济的实践情况，以“减量化、再利用、资源化”和“可持续性”原则为理念，分析了其循环经济发展存在的问题，并提出了相应对策和规划。     

Non-target effect of organic insecticides: effect of two plant extracts on soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in soil

Efficacious botanical derivatives can provide an alternative to synthetic pesticides for organic farming systems. However, there is lack of information regarding the side effects of organic pesticides on key soil ecological processes. In this study, we investigated the effects of aqueous extracts from Urginea maritima and Euphorbia myrsinites exhibiting translaminar and systemic activity against pests on microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in soil. Two grams of plant material was extracted with 100 ml of water and then diluted 1:100, 2:100, and 4:100 with distilled water. Diluted plant extracts were applied around hypocotyl of tomato by soil drench. The effect of both plant extracts on microbial biomass C, amount of total N and organic C, and enzymatic activity in soil was significant. After the last application, the highest microbial biomass C was determined in the lowest U. maritima concentration (U 1:100). Soils treated with the highest concentration of U. maritima (U 4:100) had always lower SMBC content than control soil. All concentrations of E. myrsinites decreased microbial biomass C by 18% to 27% compared to the control. Total nitrogen and organic carbon decreased in soils without (control) and with treated U. maritima extract from first application to last application. Phosphatase, urease, and β-glucosidase activities were monitored in plant extract-treated soils. Except U. maritima 1:100 treatments of second and fourth applications, the other treatments of plant extracts negatively affected enzymatic activity in soil. U. maritima and E. myrsinites plant extracts exhibited different effects on soil microbial biomass and activity, probably because of their different chemical contents.     

微米Cu／Fe对污染土壤洗脱液中有机氯农药的降解

以表面活性剂TritonX-100（TX-100）为洗脱剂，某有机氯农药（organochlorinepesticides，OCPs）污染场地土壤为对象，七氯、氯丹和灭蚁灵为目标污染物，研究微米Cu／Fe双金属对污染土壤洗脱液中OCPs的降解效果。考察了洗脱液中OCPs初始浓度、洗脱液pH值、微米零价铁加入量和cu负载量对Cu／Fe去除OCPs效果的影响。结果表明，微米Cu／Fe可以有效的去除土壤洗脱液中目标污染物。当微米零价铁加入量为1．0g（25g／L），cu负载量为1．0％，洗脱液pH值为6．89时，Cu／Fe对2号土壤洗脱液中七氯、γ-氯丹、α-氯丹和灭蚁灵的去除效果最好，去除率分别为100．0％、99．3％、80．8％和71．1％。洗脱液中OCPs初始浓度越低，微米零价铁加入量越大，Cu／Fe对OCPs去除率越高；偏酸性条件有利于Cu／Fe对γ-氯丹和灭蚁灵的去除，而α-氯丹在中性条件下去除效果最好；1号土壤和2号土壤洗脱液的最佳铜负载量分别为2．O％和1．0％。     

城市自来水中挥发性有机氯污染物检测及健康风险评价初步研究

水质安全是饮用水安全的重中之重,直接关系到人体健康。采用健康风险评价模式,对某市饮用水进行了分析和评价。研究结果表明,该市通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险中四氯化碳最大,三氯甲烷次之,两者风险水平在10-5～10-6,远低于美国环境保护署推荐的最大可接受风险水平。通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,四氯乙烯所引起的致癌风险最大(1.2×10-8),但远远低于美国环境保护署推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5)。根据美国环境保护署的推荐值,初步认为目前该市饮用水中挥发性有机污染物不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

An application of the theory of planned behaviour to study the influencing factors of participation in source separation of food waste

Tremendous increases in biodegradable (food waste) generation significantly impact the local authorities, who are responsible to manage, treat and dispose of this waste. The process of separation of food waste at its generation source is identified as effective means in reducing the amount food waste sent to landfill and can be reused as feedstock to downstream treatment processes namely composting or anaerobic digestion. However, these efforts will only succeed with positive attitudes and highly participations rate by the public towards the scheme. Thus, the social survey (using questionnaires) to analyse public’s view and influencing factors towards participation in source separation of food waste in households based on the theory of planned behaviour technique (TPB) was performed in June and July 2011 among selected staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. The survey demonstrates that the public has positive intention in participating provided the opportunities, facilities and knowledge on waste separation at source are adequately prepared by the respective local authorities. Furthermore, good moral values and situational factors such as storage convenience and collection times are also encouraged public’s involvement and consequently, the participations rate. The findings from this study may provide useful indicator to the waste management authorities in Malaysia in identifying mechanisms for future development and implementation of food waste source separation activities in household programmes and communication campaign which advocate the use of these programmes.